Ipseidad y corporalidad en la experiencia vivida de la esquizofrenia
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La esquizofrenia no puede reducirse a un trastorno del pensamiento, la emoción o la percepción: implica una perturbación en la estructura misma que hace posible la experiencia. Este artículo aborda la esquizofrenia como una alteración de la ipseidad, la dimensión mínima, prerreflexiva, encarnada y afectiva de la mismidad que ancla la subjetividad en el mundo. A partir de la fenomenología, la psiquiatría clínica y la filosofía de la ciencia, se argumenta que los trastornos del sí-mismo (self-disorders, SD) no son fenómenos periféricos, sino dimensiones estructurales del espectro esquizofrénico. Mediante una síntesis teórica y un análisis fenomenológico de datos clínicos, el artículo describe cómo las perturbaciones en la agentividad, la corporalidad, la temporalidad y la intersubjetividad preceden y organizan la emergencia de los fenómenos psicóticos. Asimismo, integra hallazgos provenientes de las neurociencias y de la ciencia cognitiva enactiva, con el fin de esclarecer que la esquizofrenia entraña un colapso estructural en la organización encarnada y temporal del sí-mismo. Se examina la Escala para la Evaluación de las Experiencias Anómalas del Sí-mismo (EASE, por sus siglas en inglés) como instrumento clínico que operacionaliza este proceso al cartografiar las perturbaciones prerreflexivas de la mismidad y su transformación en distorsiones reflexivas de la conciencia. En última instancia, el artículo propone una reconceptualización filosófica del estado ontológico de la esquizofrenia, desplazando el foco de atención desde las taxonomías descriptivas hacia las condiciones estructurales que sostienen la experiencia personal. Esta reorientación tiene implicaciones diagnósticas y terapéuticas, al sustentar intervenciones tempranas orientadas a preservar la continuidad del sí-mismo antes de que la psicosis se manifieste de manera explícita.
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