Agrarian Diagnosis and Multifunctionality of Productive Units with cacao in Soconusco, Chiapas, Mexico

Abstract

In Mexico, cacao is a traditional crop with multifunctional significance due to its agroforestry and historical-biocultural roles. However, its complementary role in productive systems within the framework of family farming remains insufficiently studied in the country, even in Chiapas. This study aimed to diagnose and characterize the multifunctionality of productive units that incorporate cacao in Soconusco, the main cacao-growing regions in Chiapas. An agrarian diagnosis and an innovation analysis were conducted, employing literature review, semi-structured interviews, and surveys. Nine producers with varying management levels and agroforestry system types from the municipalities of Huixtla, Tuzantán, Huehuetán, and Villa Comaltitlán were selected. Multifunctionality was assessed using the weighted sum method of multi-criteria decision analysis (mcda) alongside field data. Results revealed differences in agricultural income and livelihoods, with cacao playing an equivalent or secondary economic role compared to oil palm, mango, robusta coffee, livestock, and beekeeping. The most multifunctional productive unit combined cacao (1 hectare) with livestock (6 hectares), whereas the most multifunctional agroforestry system was a traditional polyculture with integrated management (1.25 hectares). Additionally, government subsidies represented over 50 percent of the income for family units, particularly older farmers, or larger landholdings. Finally, the study discusses the significance of these agroforestry systems in fostering sustainability and agrarian multifunctionality in Soconusco, underscoring the need for appropriate public policies to support these practices.